Antique Atwater

Tiffany glass

Types of Tiffany glass

Opalescent glass

The term opalescent glass is commonly used to describe glass where more than one color is present, being fused during the manufacture, as against flashed glass in which two colors may be laminated, or silver stained glass where a solution of silver nitrate is superficially applied, turning red glass to orange and blue glass to green. Some opalescent glass was used by several stained glass studios in England from the 1860s and 1870s onwards, notably Heaton, Butler and Bayne. Its use became increasingly common. Opalescent glass is the basis for the range of glasses created by Tiffany.

Favrile glass

Tiffany patented Favrile glass in 1880. The trade name Favrile was derived from the French word, fabrile, meaning handcrafted.

Favrile glass often has a distinctive characteristic that is common in some glass from Classical antiquity: it possesses a superficial iridescence. This iridescence causes the surface to shimmer, but also causes a degree of opacity. This iridescent effect of the glass was obtained by mixing different colors of glass together while hot.

According to Tiffany:

"Favrile glass is distinguished by brilliant or deeply toned colors, usually iridescent like the wings of certain American butterflies, the necks of pigeons and peacocks, the wing covers of various beetles."

Streamer glass

Streamer glass

Fracture glass

Fracture-streamer glass

Herringbone ripple glass

Ring mottle glass

Drapery glass incorporated in a reproduction of Tiffany's "Magnolia" lampshade

Streamer glass refers to a sheet of glass with a pattern of glass strings affixed to its surface. Tiffany made use of such textured glass to represent, for example, twigs, branches and grass.

Streamers are prepared from very hot molten glass, gathered at the end of a punty (pontil) that is rapidly swung back and forth and stretched into long, thin strings that rapidly cool and harden. These hand-stretched streamers are pressed on the molten surface of sheet glass during the rolling process, and become permanently fused.

Fracture glass

Fracture glass refers to a sheet of glass with a pattern of irregularly shaped, thin glass wafers affixed to its surface. Tiffany made use of such textured glass to represent, for example, foliage seen from a distance.

The irregular glass wafers, called fractures, are prepared from very hot, colored molten glass, gathered at the end of a blowpipe. A large bubble is forcefully blown until the walls of the bubble rapidly stretch, cool and harden. The resulting glass bubble has paper-thin walls and is immediately shattered into shards. These hand blown shards are pressed on the surface of the molten glass sheet during the rolling process, to which they become permanently fused.

Fracture-streamer glass

Fracture-streamer glass refers to a sheet of glass with a pattern of glass strings, and irregularly shaped, thin glass wafers, affixed to its surface. Tiffany made use of such textured glass to represent, for example, twigs, branches and grass, and distant foliage.

The process is as above except that both streamers and fractures are applied to sheet glass during the rolling process.

Ripple glass

Ripple glass refers to a sheet of textured glass with marked surface waves. Tiffany made use of such textured glass to represent, for example, water or leaf veins.

The texture is created during the glass sheet-forming process. A sheet is formed from molten glass with a roller that spins on itself, while travelling forward. Normally the roller spins at the same speed as its own forward motion, and the resulting sheet has a smooth surface. In the manufacture of rippled glass, the roller spins faster than its own forward motion. The rippled effect is retained as the glass cools.

Ring mottle glass

Ring mottle glass refers to sheet glass with a pronounced mottle created by localized, heat-treated opacification and crystal-growth dynamics. Ring mottle glass was invented by Tiffany in the early 20th century. Tiffany's distinctive style exploited glass containing a variety of motifs such as those found in ring mottle glass, and he relied minimally on painted details.

When Tiffany Studio closed in 1928, the secret formula for making ring mottle glass was forgotten and lost. Ring mottle glass was re-dicscovered in the late sixties by Eric Lovell of Uroboros Glass. Traditionally used for organic details on leaves and other natural elements, ring mottles also find a place in contemporary work when abstract patterns are desired.

Drapery glass

Drapery glass refers to a sheet of heavily folded glass that suggests fabric folds. Tiffany made adundant use of drapery glass in ecclesiastical stained glass windows to add a 3-dimensional effect to flowing robes and angel wings, and to imitate the natural coarseness of magnolia petals.

The making of drapery glass requires skill and experience. A small diameter hand-held roller is manipulated forcefully over a sheet of molten glass to produce heavy ripples, while folding and creasing the entire sheet. The ripples become rigid and permanent as the glass cools. Each sheet produced from this artisanal process is unique.

Techniques for cutting Tiffany glass

In order to cut streamer, fracture or ripple glass, the sheet may be scored on the side without streamers, fractures or ripples with a carbide glass cutter, and broken at the score line with breaker-grozier pliers.

In order to cut drapery glass, the sheet may be placed on styrofoam, scored with a carbide glass cutter, and broken at the score line with breaker-grozier pliers, but a bandsaw or ringsaw are the preferred tools.

Locations and collections

Stained glass in situ

Arlington Street Church, Boston, Massachusetts

Congregation Beth Ahabah, Richmond, Virginia

Macy's on State Street, formerly Marshall Field's, Chicago, Illinois

Irvington Presbyterian Church, Irvington, New York

Reading Room, Irvington Town Hall, Irvington, New York

St. Michael's Church, New York City

Second Presbyterian Church, Indianapolis, Indiana

Temple Emanuel, (Grand Rapids, Michigan)

West End Collegiate Church, West End Avenue, New York

Willard Chapel, Auburn, New York

Museums

Haworth Gallery, Accrington, UK

The Neustadt Collection of Tiffany Glass, Long Island City, NY

See also

Tiffany lamps

Notes

^ Lee, Lawrence; Seddon, George and Stephens, Francis. Stained Glass, 1976, Spring Books ISBN 0-600-56281-6

^ The use of the term opalescent is actually a misnomer. Opalescence actually refers to the quality of changing color under transmitted light, rather than the quality of having several colors present. A rare example of true opalescent glass is the Roman Lycurgus cup in the British Museum

^ http://www.hyndburnbc.gov.uk/hag

^ http://www.neustadtcollection.org

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Glass makers and brands

Contemporary

companies

Anchor Hocking  Arc International  Ardagh  Armashield  Asahi  Aurora Glass Foundry  Baccarat  Blenko Glass Company  Bodum  Corning  Dartington Crystal  Daum  Edinburgh Crystal  Fanavid  Fenton Art Glass Company  Firozabad glass industry  Franz Mayer  Glava  Glaverbel  Hardman & Co.  Heaton, Butler and Bayne  Holmegaard Glassworks  Holophane  Hoya  Kingdom of Crystal  Kokomo Opalescent Glass Works  Kosta Glasbruk  Libbey Owens Ford  Liuli Gongfang  Iittala  Luoyang  Johns Manville  Mats Jonasson Mlers  Moser Glass  Mosser Glass  Nippon Sheet Glass  Ohara  Orrefors Glasbruk  Osram  Owens Corning  Owens-Illinois  Pauly & C. - Compagnia Venezia Murano  Phu Phong  PPG  Pilkington  Preciosa  Quinn Group  Riedel  Royal Leerdam Crystal  Saint-Gobain  Samsung Corning Precision Glass  Schonbek  Schott  Shrigley and Hunt  Steuben Glass  Sterlite Optical Technologies  Swarovski  Tyrone Crystal  Val Saint Lambert  Verrerie of Brehat  Waterford  Watts & Co  World Kitchen  Xinyi Glass  Zwiesel

Historic

companies

Bakewell Glass  Belmont Glass Company  Boston and Sandwich Glass Company  Carr Lowrey Glass Company  Cambridge Glass  Chance Brothers  Clayton and Bell  Dunbar Glass  Fostoria Glass Company  General Glass Industries  Alexander Gibbs  Grnvik glasbruk  Hazel-Atlas  Heisey  Hemingray Glass Company  Knox Glass Bottle Company  Lavers, Barraud and Westlake  Manufacture royale de glaces de miroirs  Morris & Co.  Old Dominion Glass Company  James Powell and Sons  Ravenhead glass  The Root Glass Company  Sneath Glass Company  Ward and Hughes  Westmoreland Glass Company  Whitall Tatum Company  White Glass Company  Worshipful Company

Glassmakers

John Adams  Richard M. Atwater  Frederick Carder  Irving Wightman Colburn  Henry Crimmel  Henry Clay Fry  Friedrich  A. H. Heisey  Libbey  Antonio Neri  Alastair Pilkington  Salviati  Otto Schott  S. Donald Stookey  W. E. S. Turner  John M. Whitall

Trademarks

and brands

Bohemian glass  Bomex  Burmese glass  Chevron bead  Corelle  CorningWare  Cranberry glass  Cristallo  Duran  Endural  Favrile  Fire King  Gold Ruby  MACOR  Opaline glass  Pyrex  Ravenhead glass  Tiffany glass  Vitrite  Vitrolite  Vycor  Waterford Crystal  Wood's glass  Zerodur

Categories: Architectural elements | Glass types | Glass art | Glass trademarks and brands | Stained glass
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